How does Digital Mapping improve access?

How familiar are you with ‘Lidar’ 3D scanning in the cultural sector? Is it on your radar yet? My own experience with this technology is somewhat outdated, as it has evolved rapidly in recent years. However, given that many may not yet be aware of its full potential, I hope my perspective can serve as a useful introduction. For those with up-to-date knowledge, your insights would be invaluable in shaping future discussions. With that in mind, welcome to Heritage Thinking Differently, an exploration of 3D scanning and its applications.

The Role of 3D Scanning in Cultural Preservation

Back in 2019, when I first explored the potential of 3D scanning, it was primarily used in three key areas. One of the most widely reported applications was the digital preservation of sites under threat, particularly those in conflict zones. During recent wars in the Middle East and Africa, significant cultural landmarks were deliberately destroyed. Some groups viewed these sites as symbols of identity, targeting them to weaken the morale of local populations.

In response, academics and heritage professionals rushed to capture high-resolution scans of endangered locations, aiming to digitally preserve them for future generations. The idea was to create virtual environments where historians could study lost civilizations in digital form, even if the physical sites were obliterated. While this effort allowed some heritage to be safeguarded, it also exposed ethical dilemmas, as digital replication was no substitute for the loss of irreplaceable monuments. Nevertheless, institutions like English Heritage and the National Trust have since embraced this technology to enhance conservation efforts and accessibility.

Image: English Heritage.

Digital Reconstruction in Archaeology

Another key application of 3D scanning is in the restoration of damaged artifacts, particularly ceramics. Traditionally, archaeologists faced a choice: reconstruct an object using original or fabricated pieces or display it in fragments. Some historical restoration methods—such as using metal staples—have aged poorly, while modern approaches, like Perspex frameworks, offer a more conservation-friendly alternative.

With 3D scanning, archaeologists can now digitally reconstruct damaged objects without physically altering them. This allows scholars to analyse and interpret artifacts in a more ethical and non-invasive manner. While this technology may not yet be the definitive solution for artifact restoration, it represents an important step forward in digital heritage preservation.

Enhancing Public Access with 3D Mapping

From my perspective, when Director of Creswell Crags, 3D scanning also presents exciting possibilities for improving public access. In 2018, our team discovered the largest collection of ‘Witch Marks’—protective symbols carved into rock—in a single location. These engravings, dating back up to 300 years, were likely created to ward off evil or misfortune. However, the cave containing these markings was inaccessible to the public, making it difficult to share this discovery in a meaningful way.

Just before this find, a researcher from Sheffield Hallam University had offered to scan our entire site as part of a project to refine his expertise with Lidar technology. Following the discovery, we sought funding to accelerate this work. Unfortunately, progress was slower than anticipated, and we later suspected that the technology used was not as advanced as promised.

Then, the pandemic reshaped public engagement with heritage sites. As museums and attractions reopened, many adopted 3D scanning to create virtual tours. One notable example was Royston Cave in Hertfordshire, which successfully used Lidar scanning to offer online access to its historic engravings. However, our own markings proved more challenging to capture due to their shallow etchings, making high-quality digital reproduction difficult.

Image: Creswell Crags.

Image: Creswell Crags.

The Future of 3D Scanning in Museums

These examples illustrate how 3D scanning was being used just a few years ago, and with advancements in artificial intelligence and digital technology, its applications have likely expanded dramatically. Many of you may now be more familiar with its potential than I am. If not, it’s only a matter of time before this technology becomes an essential tool in museum and heritage work.

The rise of virtual reality raises intriguing questions about the future of museum visits. If visitors can explore historic sites from anywhere in the world through immersive digital experiences, how will this impact physical attendance? Some may see it as a challenge to traditional museum experiences, while others—especially those accustomed to gaming and virtual environments—might embrace it as a new frontier for engagement.

Regardless of personal perspectives, it’s clear that 3D scanning will play an increasingly prominent role in the sector. Museums must consider how best to integrate this technology into their long-term strategies. As a mentor and strategic planner, I can help institutions navigate these emerging challenges. If you’re looking to future-proof your museum, now is the time to incorporate digital mapping into your 10-year strategic plan. The future is coming—are you ready for it?

Paul Baker

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